Marks added to letters Trợ_giúp:IPA

Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at International Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.

SymbolExampleDescription
Signs above a letter
[ã]Tiếng Đức vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine"A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ä]Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha vá [vä] "go"A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back.
Signs below a letter
[a̯]Tiếng Anh cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In Tiếng Anh, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥]Tiếng Anh boy [b̥ɔɪ̯], doe [d̥oʊ̯].Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩]Tiếng Anh buttonA consonant without a vowel. (Tiếng Anh [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪]Tiếng Tây Ban Nha dos, Tiếng Đức deuxThe tongue touches the teeth more than it does in Tiếng Anh.
Signs next to a letter
[kʰ]Tiếng Anh comeAspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’]Zulu ukuza "come"Ejective. Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː]Tiếng Anh shh! [ʃː]Long. Often used with Tiếng Anh vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ]RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ˈa]pronunciation
[pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]		Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa]Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.]Tiếng Anh courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp]Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)